Table Of Content
Table of Content
1 Industrial Chain Overview
1.1 Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Industry
1.1.1 Overview
Figure Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Picture List
1.1.2 Characteristics of Aluminum Die Casting Machinery
1.2 Upstream
1.2.1 Major Materials
1.2.2 Manufacturing Overview
1.3 Product List By Type
1.3.1 Light (≤4000kN)
1.3.2 Middle (4000kN～10,000kN)
1.3.3 Heavy (≥10,000kN)
1.4 End-Use List
1.4.1 Demand in Home Appliance
1.4.2 Demand in Medical Instrument
1.4.3 Demand in 3C Industries
1.4.4 Demand in Others
1.5 Global Market Overview
1.5.1 Global Market Size and Forecast, 2016-2026
Figure Global Market Size and Forecast with Growth Rate, 2016-2026
1.5.2 Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with CAGR, 2016-2026
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with Growth Rate, 2016-2026
1.5.3 Global Market Size and Forecast by Product Type with CAGR, 2016-2026
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Type with Growth Rate, 2016-2026
1.5.4 Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with CAGR, 2016-2026
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with Growth Rate, 2016-2026
2 Global Production & Consumption by Geography
2.1 Global Production & Consumption
2.1.1 Global Production
Figure Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.1.2 Global Consumption
Figure Global Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Market Volume and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Market Amount and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2 Geographic Production & Consumption
2.2.1 Production
2.2.1.1 Asia-Pacific
Figure Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.1.2 North America
Figure North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.1.3 South America
Figure South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.1.4 Europe
Figure Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.1.5 Middle East & Africa
Figure Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.2 Consumption
2.2.2.1 Asia-Pacific
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.2.2 North America
Figure North America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table North America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure North America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table North America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.2.3 South America
Figure South America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table South America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure South America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table South America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.2.4 Europe
Figure Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.2.5 Middle East & Africa
Figure Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
3 Major Manufacturers Introduction
3.1 Manufacturers Overview
Table Major Manufacturers Headquarters and Contact Information
Table Major Manufacturers Capacity List in 2018
3.2 Manufacturers List
3.2.1 Bühler Overview
Table Bühler Overview List
3.2.1.1 Product Specifications
3.2.1.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of Bühler (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.1.3 Recent Developments
3.2.1.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.2 Toshiba Overview
Table Toshiba Overview List
3.2.2.1 Product Specifications
3.2.2.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of Toshiba (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.2.3 Recent Developments
3.2.2.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.3 Dynacast Overview
Table Dynacast Overview List
3.2.3.1 Product Specifications
3.2.3.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of Dynacast (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.3.3 Recent Developments
3.2.3.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.4 Frech Overview
Table Frech Overview List
3.2.4.1 Product Specifications
3.2.4.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of Frech (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.4.3 Recent Developments
3.2.4.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.5 Idra Group Overview
Table Idra Group Overview List
3.2.5.1 Product Specifications
3.2.5.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of Idra Group (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.5.3 Recent Developments
3.2.5.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.6 HMT Machine Tools Limited Overview
Table HMT Machine Tools Limited Overview List
3.2.6.1 Product Specifications
3.2.6.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of HMT Machine Tools Limited (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.6.3 Recent Developments
3.2.6.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.7 ItalPresse Overview
Table ItalPresse Overview List
3.2.7.1 Product Specifications
3.2.7.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of ItalPresse (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.7.3 Recent Developments
3.2.7.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.8 Japan Steel Works (JSW) Overview
Table Japan Steel Works (JSW) Overview List
3.2.8.1 Product Specifications
3.2.8.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of Japan Steel Works (JSW) (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.8.3 Recent Developments
3.2.8.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.9 UBE Overview
Table UBE Overview List
3.2.9.1 Product Specifications
3.2.9.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of UBE (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.9.3 Recent Developments
3.2.9.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.10 Toyo Machinery & Metal Overview
Table Toyo Machinery & Metal Overview List
3.2.10.1 Product Specifications
3.2.10.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of Toyo Machinery & Metal (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.10.3 Recent Developments
3.2.10.4 Future Strategic Planning
4 Market Competition Pattern
4.1 Market Size and Sketch
Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Global Competition Sketch Overview
4.2 Company Market Share
4.2.1 Global Production by Major Manufacturers
Table Global Production Volume List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Production Volume Share List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Production Volume Share by Manufacturers in 2020, in Volume
Table Global Production Amount List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Production Amount Share List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Global Production Amount Share by Manufacturers in 2020, in Million USD
4.2.2 Market Concentration Analysis
4.3 Market News and Trend
4.3.1 Merger & Acquisition
4.3.2 New Product Launch
5 Product Type Segment
5.1 Global Overview by Product Type Segment
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment 2016-2020, in Volume
5.2 Segment Subdivision by Product Type
5.2.1 Market in Light (≤4000kN)
5.2.1.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Light (≤4000kN), 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Light (≤4000kN), 2016-2020, in Volume
5.2.1.2 Situation & Development
5.2.2 Market in Middle (4000kN～10,000kN)
5.2.2.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Middle (4000kN～10,000kN), 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Middle (4000kN～10,000kN), 2016-2020, in Volume
5.2.2.2 Situation & Development
5.2.3 Market in Heavy (≥10,000kN)
5.2.3.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Heavy (≥10,000kN), 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Heavy (≥10,000kN), 2016-2020, in Volume
5.2.3.2 Situation & Development
6 End-Use Segment
6.1 Global Overview by End-Use Segment
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment 2016-2020, in Volume
6.2 Segment Subdivision
6.2.1 Market in Home Appliance
6.2.1.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Home Appliance, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Home Appliance, 2016-2020, in Volume
6.2.1.2 Situation & Development
6.2.2 Market in Medical Instrument
6.2.2.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Medical Instrument, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Medical Instrument, 2016-2020, in Volume
6.2.2.2 Situation & Development
6.2.3 Market in 3C Industries
6.2.3.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in 3C Industries, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in 3C Industries, 2016-2020, in Volume
6.2.3.2 Situation & Development
6.2.4 Market in Others
6.2.4.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Others, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Others, 2016-2020, in Volume
6.2.4.2 Situation & Development
7 Market Forecast & Trend
7.1 Regional Forecast
Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD
Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2021-2026, in Volume
7.2 Consumption Forecast
7.2.1 Product Type Forecast
Table Global Market Amount by Product Type Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD
Table Global Market Volume by Product Type Segment 2021-2026, in Volume
7.2.2 End-Use Forecast
Table Global Market Amount by End-Use Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD
Table Global Market Volume by End-Use Segment 2021-2026, in Volume
7.3 Investment Trend
7.4 Consumption Trend
8 Price & Channel
8.1 Price and Cost
8.1.1 Price
8.1.2 Cost
Figure Cost Component Ratio
8.2 Channel Segment
9 Market Drivers & Investment Environment
9.1 Market Drivers
9.2 Investment Environment
9.3 Impact of Coronavirus on the Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Industry
9.3.1 Impact on Industry Upstream
9.3.2 Impact on Industry Downstream
9.3.3 Impact on Industry Channels
9.3.4 Impact on Industry Competition
9.3.5 Impact on Industry Employment
10 Research Conclusion
Tables & Figures
List of Tables as follows:
List of Table
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with Growth Rate, 2016-2026
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Type with Growth Rate, 2016-2026
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with Growth Rate, 2016-2026
Table Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Market Volume and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Market Amount and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table North America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table North America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table South America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table South America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Major Manufacturers Headquarters and Contact Information
Table Major Manufacturers Capacity List in 2018
Table Bhler Overview List
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of Bhler (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Toshiba Overview List
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of Toshiba (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Dynacast Overview List
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of Dynacast (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Frech Overview List
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of Frech (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Idra Group Overview List
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of Idra Group (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table HMT Machine Tools Limited Overview List
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of HMT Machine Tools Limited (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table ItalPresse Overview List
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of ItalPresse (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Japan Steel Works (JSW) Overview List
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of Japan Steel Works (JSW) (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table UBE Overview List
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of UBE (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Toyo Machinery & Metal Overview List
Table Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Business Operation of Toyo Machinery & Metal (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Global Production Volume List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Production Volume Share List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Production Amount List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Production Amount Share List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD
Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2021-2026, in Volume
Table Global Market Amount by Product Type Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD
Table Global Market Volume by Product Type Segment 2021-2026, in Volume
Table Global Market Amount by End-Use Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD
Table Global Market Volume by End-Use Segment 2021-2026, in Volume
List of Figures as follows:
List of Figure
Figure Aluminum Die Casting Machinery Picture List
Figure Global Market Size and Forecast with Growth Rate, 2016-2026
Figure Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Global Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure North America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure North America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure South America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure South America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Global Competition Sketch Overview
Figure Global Production Volume Share by Manufacturers in 2020, in Volume
Figure Global Production Amount Share by Manufacturers in 2020, in Million USD
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Light (4000kN), 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Light (4000kN), 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Middle (4000kN10,000kN), 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Middle (4000kN10,000kN), 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Heavy (10,000kN), 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Heavy (10,000kN), 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Home Appliance, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Home Appliance, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Medical Instrument, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Medical Instrument, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in 3C Industries, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in 3C Industries, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Others, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Others, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Cost Component Ratio
